Igagasi eliyimilimitha(mmWave) ibhande le-electromagnetic spectrum enobude obuphakathi kuka-10mm (30 GHz) no-1mm (300 GHz).Kubizwa ngebhendi yefrikhwensi ephezulu kakhulu (EHF) yi-International Telecommunication Union (ITU).Amagagasi angamamilimitha atholakala phakathi kwe-microwave namaza e-infrared ku-spectrum futhi angasetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana ezingenazintambo ezinesivinini esikhulu, njengezixhumanisi zokubuyela emuva.
Amathrendi amaningi asheshisa ukukhula kwedatha
Ngokukhula kwesidingo somhlaba wonke sedatha nokuxhumana, amabhendi efrikhwensi asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okungenantambo aya ngokuya aminyene, okwenza kube nesidingo sokufinyelela umkhawulokudonsa wemvamisa ephezulu ngaphakathi kwe-millimeter wave spectrum.Amathrendi amaningi amakhulu asheshise isidingo somthamo omkhulu wedatha nesivinini.
1. Inani nezinhlobo zedatha ekhiqizwa futhi yacutshungulwa idatha enkulu ikhula ngamandla nsuku zonke.Umhlaba uncike ekudlulisweni kwedatha ngesivinini esikhulu sedatha kumadivayisi amaningi ngomzuzwana ngamunye.Ngo-2020, umuntu ngamunye ukhiqize idatha engu-1.7 MB ngomzuzwana.(Umthombo: IBM).Ekuqaleni kuka-2020, umthamo wedatha yomhlaba wonke wawulinganiselwa ku-44ZB (Inkundla Yezomnotho Yomhlaba).Ngo-2025, ukwakhiwa kwedatha yomhlaba wonke kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ngaphezu kwe-175 ZB.Ngamanye amazwi, ukugcina inani elikhulu kangaka ledatha kudinga izigidigidi eziyi-12.5 zamadrayivu amakhulu kakhulu anamuhla.(I-International Data Corporation)
Ngokwezilinganiso zeZizwe Ezihlangene, unyaka ka-2007 kwaba unyaka wokuqala lapho abantu basemadolobheni bedlula abantu basemakhaya.Lo mkhuba usaqhubeka, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ngo-2050, abantu abangaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zomhlaba bazobe sebehlala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.Lokhu kulethe ingcindezi ekhulayo kwingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana kanye nedatha kulezi zindawo ezinabantu abaningi.
3. Inkinga yomhlaba wonke kanye nokungazinzi, kusukela eziwubhadane kuya kweziyaluyalu zezombusazwe kanye nezingxabano, kusho ukuthi amazwe aya ngokuya elangazelela ukuthuthukisa amakhono awo okuzimela ukuze anciphise izingozi zokuntengantenga komhlaba.Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke banethemba lokunciphisa ukuncika kwabo ekuthengeni impahla evela kwezinye izifunda futhi basekele ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yasekhaya, ubuchwepheshe, nengqalasizinda.
4. Ngemizamo yomhlaba yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, ubuchwepheshe buvula amathuba amasha okunciphisa ukuhamba kwekhabhoni ephezulu.Namuhla, imihlangano nezingqungquthela kuvame ukubanjwa ku-inthanethi.Ngisho nezinqubo zokwelapha zingenziwa ukude ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuthi odokotela abahlinzayo beze egunjini lokuhlinzela.Yimifudlana yedatha yokubambezeleka ephansi kuphela eshesha kakhulu, ethembekile, futhi engenaziphazamiso engafinyelela lo msebenzi onembayo.
Lezi zici ezinkulu zikhuthaza abantu ukuthi baqoqe, badlulise, futhi bacubungule idatha eyengeziwe emhlabeni jikelele, futhi zidinga ukudluliselwa ngesivinini esiphezulu nangokubambezeleka okuncane.
Iyiphi indima engadlalwa amaza amamilimitha?
I-millimeter wave spectrum inikeza i-spectrum ebanzi eqhubekayo, evumela ukudluliswa kwedatha okuphezulu.Njengamanje, amafrikhwensi e-microwave asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana okuningi okungenantambo aya egcwele futhi ahlakazekile, ikakhulukazi ngamabandwidth amaningana anikezelwe eminyangweni ethile efana neyokuvikela, i-aerospace, nokuxhumana kwezimo eziphuthumayo.
Uma unyusa i-spectrum, ingxenye etholakalayo ye-spectrum engaphazamiseki izoba nkulu kakhulu futhi ingxenye egciniwe izoba ngaphansi.Ukwandisa ububanzi befrikhwensi kukhulisa ngempumelelo usayizi "wepayipi" elingasetshenziswa ukudlulisa idatha, ngaleyo ndlela kuzuzwe imifudlana emikhulu yedatha.Ngenxa yomkhawulokudonsa wesiteshi omkhulu kakhulu wamaza amamilimitha, amasu okushintshashintsha ayinkimbinkimbi angasetshenziswa ukuze kudluliselwe idatha, okungaholela ezinhlelweni ezinokubambezeleka okuphansi kakhulu.
Yiziphi izinselele?
Kunezinselele ezihlobene ekuthuthukiseni i-spectrum.Izingxenye nama-semiconductors adingekayo ukuze adlulise futhi amukele amasignali kuma-millimeter amaza kunzima kakhulu ukuwakhiqiza - futhi kunezinqubo ezimbalwa ezitholakalayo.Ukukhiqiza izingxenye zamagagasi emilimitha nakho kunzima kakhulu ngoba kuncane kakhulu, kudinga ukubekezelelana okuphezulu komhlangano kanye nokuklanywa ngokucophelela koxhumano kanye nezimbobo ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa nokugwema ukuzungeza.
Ukusakazeka kungenye yezinselelo ezinkulu ezibhekene namasignali wamaza wamamilimitha.Kumafrikhwensi aphezulu, amasignali maningi amathuba okuthi avinjwe noma ancishiswe izinto ezibonakalayo njengezindonga, izihlahla, nezakhiwo.Endaweni yokwakha, lokhu kusho ukuthi isamukeli segagasi lemilimitha sidinga ukubekwa ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ukuze sisakaze isignali ngaphakathi.Ukuze uthole ukuxhumana kwe-backhaul nesathelayithi ukuya emhlabathini, ukukhulisa amandla okukhulu kuyadingeka ukuze kudluliselwe amasignali ebangeni elide.Emhlabathini, ibanga eliphakathi kwezixhumanisi zokukhomba-kuya-iphuzu alikwazi ukudlula ikhilomitha elingu-1 kuye ku-5, kunebanga elikhulu elingafinyelelwa amanethiwekhi we-low-frequency.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni zasemakhaya, kudingeka iziteshi eziningi eziyisisekelo kanye nezimpondo ukuze kudluliselwe amaza amaza ama-milimitha amabanga amade.Ukufaka le ngqalasizinda eyengeziwe kudinga isikhathi nezindleko ezengeziwe.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthunyelwa komlaza wesathelayithi kuzamile ukuxazulula le nkinga, futhi la maqoqo ezinkanyezi asesathelayithi aphinde athatha igagasi lamamilimitha njengomgogodla wezakhiwo zawo.
Kukuphi ukuthunyelwa okungcono kakhulu kwamagagasi angamamilimitha?
Ibanga elifushane lokusabalalisa lamagagasi angamamilimitha liwenza afaneleke kakhulu ukuthunyelwa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni eziminyene ezinedatha ephezulu yedatha.Enye indlela yamanethiwekhi angenawaya amanethiwekhi e-fiber optic.Ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ukumba imigwaqo ukuze kufakwe imicu emisha yokukhanya kubiza kakhulu, kuyingozi futhi kudla isikhathi.Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuxhumeka kwe-millimeter wave kungasungulwa ngokuphumelelayo ngezindleko zokuphazamiseka okuncane phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa.
Izinga ledatha elitholwe amasiginali wamaza amamilimitha liqhathaniswa nelemicu yokubona, kuyilapho ihlinzeka ngokubambezeleka okuphansi.Uma udinga ukugeleza kolwazi olushesha kakhulu nokubambezeleka okuncane, izixhumanisi ezingenantambo ziyinketho yokuqala - yingakho zisetshenziswa ekuhwebeni kwesitoko lapho ukubambezeleka kwe-millisecond kungaba bucayi.
Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, izindleko zokufaka izintambo ze-fiber optic zivame ukunqanda ngenxa yebanga elihilelekile.Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amanethiwekhi we-millimeter wave tower nawo adinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile kwengqalasizinda.Isixazululo esivezwe lapha ukusebenzisa amasathelayithi aphansi e-Earth orbit (LEO) noma amasathelayithi angamanga aphezulu (HAPS) ukuze kuxhunywe idatha ezindaweni ezikude.Amanethiwekhi e-LEO kanye ne-HAPS asho ukuthi asikho isidingo sokufaka i-fiber optics noma ukwakha amanethiwekhi angenawaya webanga elifushane ukusuka-kuphoyinti, kuyilapho kusahlinzeka ngamanani edatha amahle kakhulu.Ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi sekuvele kusetshenziswe amasiginali wamaza wamamilimitha, ngokuvamile endaweni ephansi ye-spectrum - Ka frequency band (27-31GHz).Kunesikhala sokunwetshwa kumafrikhwensi aphezulu, njengamabhendi efrikhwensi e-Q/V kanye ne-E, ikakhulukazi isiteshi sokubuyisela idatha phansi.
Imakethe yokubuya kwezokuxhumana isendaweni ehamba phambili ekushintsheni isuka ku-microwave iye kuma-millimeter wave frequency.Lokhu kuqhutshwa ukwanda kwemishini yabathengi (imishini ephathwa ngesandla, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, ne-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT)) kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okuye kwasheshisa isidingo sedatha eyengeziwe futhi esheshayo.
Manje, opharetha besathelayithi banethemba lokulandela isibonelo sezinkampani zokuxhumana nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamaza amamilimitha ezinhlelweni ze-LEO ne-HAPS.Ngaphambilini, amasathelayithi endabuko ye-geostationary equatorial orbit (GEO) kanye ne-medium Earth orbit (MEO) ayekude kakhulu noMhlaba ukuze asungule izixhumanisi zokuxhumana zabathengi kumaza amaza amamilimitha.Kodwa-ke, ukunwetshwa kwamasathelayithi e-LEO manje kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusungula izixhumanisi zamagagasi angamamilimitha futhi kwakhiwe amanethiwekhi anamandla aphezulu adingekayo emhlabeni jikelele.
Ezinye izimboni nazo zinamandla amakhulu okusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-millimeter wave.Embonini yezimoto, izimoto ezizimele zidinga ukuxhumana okunesivinini esikhulu okuqhubekayo kanye namanethiwekhi edatha yokubambezeleka okuphansi ukuze zisebenze ngokuphepha.Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, kuzodingeka ukusakazwa kwedatha okushesha kakhulu futhi okuthembekile ukuze odokotela abahlinzayo abatholakala ukude basebenzise izinqubo zezokwelapha ezinembile.
Iminyaka Eyishumi ye-Millimeter Wave Innovation
I-Filtronic iyingcweti ehamba phambili yezobuchwepheshe be-millimeter wave e-UK.Singezinye zezinkampani ezimbalwa e-UK ezingaklama futhi zenze izingxenye ezithuthukisiwe zokuxhumana zamagagasi angamamilimitha ngezinga elikhulu.Sinonjiniyela be-RF bangaphakathi (okuhlanganisa nochwepheshe be-millimeter wave) abadingekayo ukuze kucatshangwe, baklame, futhi bathuthukise ubuchwepheshe obusha be-millimeter wave.
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, sibambisene nezinkampani zokuxhumana zeselula eziholayo ukuthuthukisa uchungechunge lwama-microwave nama-millimeter wave transceivers, izikhulisamandla zikagesi, namasistimu angaphansi amanethiwekhi okubuyisela emuva.Umkhiqizo wethu wakamuva usebenza ku-E-band, ehlinzeka ngesixazululo esingaba khona sezixhumanisi zokuphakela umthamo omkhulu kakhulu ekuxhumaneni kwesathelayithi.Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, iye yalungiswa kancane kancane futhi yathuthukiswa, yehlisa isisindo nezindleko, yathuthukisa ukusebenza, futhi yathuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa.Izinkampani zamasathelayithi manje zingagwema iminyaka yokuhlolwa nokuthuthukiswa kwangaphakathi ngokwamukela lobu buchwepheshe obufakazelwe bokusetshenziswa kwendawo.
Sizibophezele ekuqhubekeni phambili ekusunguleni, ukudala ubuchwepheshe ngaphakathi futhi ngokuhlanganyela ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zangaphakathi zokukhiqiza ngobuningi.Sihlala sihola imakethe ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bethu bukulungele ukusetshenziswa njengoba ama-ejensi alawulayo evula amabhendi amasha.
Sesivele sakha ubuchwepheshe be-W-band kanye ne-D-band ukuze sibhekane nokuminyana kanye nokugcwala kwedatha ku-E-band eminyakeni ezayo.Sisebenza namakhasimende emboni ukubasiza bakhe inzuzo yokuncintisana ngemali engenayo ephansi uma amabhendi amasha efrikhwensi evuliwe.
Yisiphi isinyathelo esilandelayo samaza amamilimitha?
Izinga lokusetshenziswa kwedatha lizothuthukela ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela, futhi ubuchwepheshe obuthembele kudatha nabo buthuthuka njalo.Okungokoqobo okungathandwa kwabathelisi esikubona sekufikile, futhi amadivayisi e-IoT aqala ukutholakala yonke indawo.Ngaphezu kwezicelo zasekhaya, yonke into kusukela ezinqubweni ezinkulu zezimboni kuya ezizindeni zikawoyela negesi kanye nezitshalo zamandla enyukliya zishintshela kubuchwepheshe be-IoT ukuze buqashwe kude - kunciphisa isidingo sokungenelela okwenziwa ngesandla lapho kusetshenziswa lezi zindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi.Impumelelo yalokhu kanye nokunye ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kuzoncika ekuthembekeni, esivinini, kanye nekhwalithi yamanethiwekhi edatha awasekelayo - namaza amamilimitha ahlinzeka ngomthamo odingekayo.
Amaza amamilimitha awazange anciphise ukubaluleka kwamafrikhwensi angaphansi kuka-6GHz emkhakheni wokuxhumana okungenantambo.Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuyisithasiselo esibalulekile ku-spectrum, esivumela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene ukuthi zilethwe ngempumelelo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezidinga amaphakethe edatha amakhulu, ukubambezeleka okuphansi, kanye nokuminyana okuphezulu kokuxhumeka.
Indaba yokusebenzisa amaza amamilimitha ukuze kuzuzwe okulindelekile namathuba obuchwepheshe obusha obuhlobene nedatha iyakholisa.Kodwa zikhona nezinselele.
Ukulawula kuyinselele.Akunakwenzeka ukufaka ibhendi yefrikhwensi ye-millimeter ephezulu kuze kube iziphathimandla ezilawulayo zikhipha amalayisense ezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.Noma kunjalo, ukukhula okubikezelwe kwesidingo kusho ukuthi abalawuli bangaphansi kwengcindezi ekhulayo yokukhulula i-spectrum eyengeziwe ukugwema ukuminyana nokuphazamiseka.Ukwabelana kwe-spectrum phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-passive kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo ezifana namasathelayithi e-meteorological nakho kudinga izingxoxo ezibalulekile mayelana nezinhlelo zokusebenza zentengiso, okuzovumela amabhendi amafrikhwensi abanzi kanye ne-spectrum eqhubekayo ngaphandle kokuthuthela kumaza e-Asia Pacific Hz.
Lapho usebenzisa amathuba anikezwa umkhawulokudonsa omusha, kubalulekile ukuba nobuchwepheshe obufanele ukukhuthaza ukuxhumana kwamafrikhwensi aphezulu.Yingakho i-Filtronic ithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-W-band kanye ne-D-band esikhathini esizayo.Yingakho futhi sisebenzisana namanyuvesi, ohulumeni, nezimboni ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono nolwazi emikhakheni edingekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zobuchwepheshe obungenawaya zesikhathi esizayo.Uma i-UK izohola ekuthuthukiseni amanethiwekhi okuxhumana ngedatha yomhlaba wonke esizayo, idinga ukutshala izimali zikahulumeni ezindaweni ezifanele zobuchwepheshe be-RF.
Njengozakwethu kwezemfundo, uhulumeni, kanye nezimboni, i-Filtronic idlala indima ehamba phambili ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana obuthuthukisiwe obudinga ukuhlinzeka ngokusebenza okusha kanye nokwenzeka emhlabeni lapho idatha idingeka kakhulu khona.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-27-2023
